Motivation is a key neurobehavioral concept underlying adaptive responses to environmental incentives and threats.As such, dysregulation of motivational processes may be critical in the formation of abnormal behavioral patterns/tendencies.According to the long standing model of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST), motivation behaviors are driven by three neurobehavioral systems mediating the sensitivity to punishment, reward or goal-conflict.
Corresponding to current neurobehavioral theories in psychiatry, this theory links abnormal motivational drives to abnormal behavior; viewing depression icon track bar f250 and mania as two abnormal extremes of reward driven processes leading to either under or over approach tendencies, respectively.We revisit the RST framework in the context of bipolar disorder (BD) and challenge this concept by suggesting that dysregulated interactions of both punishment and reward related processes better account for the psychological and neural abnormalities observed in BD.We iphone 13 dallas further present an integrative model positing that the three parallel motivation systems currently proposed by the RST model, can be viewed as subsystems in a large-scale neurobehavioral network of motivational decision making.